Epigenetic alterations of AKT1 orchestrate a metabolic reprogramming in advanced lipedema: translational insights from an integrated multi-omics study

BACKGROUND: lipedema is a chronic, progressive adipose disorder predominantly affecting women, characterized by painful, symmetrical subcutaneous fat accumulation, and typically resistant to lifestyle interventions. The pathophysiology of advanced-stage lipedema remains poorly defined, and no validated biomarkers or targeted therapies are currently available. METHODS: in this observational study, we applied a comprehensive multi-omics approach to dissect the molecular and metabolic alterations underlying late-stage lipedema. RESULTS: Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling identified over 5,000 differentially methylated CpG sites affecting genes involved in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, phospho-metabolism, and immune pathways. Transcriptomic analysis revealed profound downregulation of mitochondrial functions, including oxidative phosphorylation, the TCA cycle, and fatty acid β-oxidation, alongside disruption of the sirtuin pathway and extracellular matrix remodeling. Integrative analysis pinpointed AKT1 as a central regulatory node: its promoter region was hypomethylated, correlating with increased gene expression and protein phosphorylation. Metabolomic profiling confirmed AKT1-linked metabolic dysregulation, including altered levels of L-arginine, NADP+, ATP, guanosine, glycerol, and glutamate, indicating impaired redox balance and energy metabolism. Trans-omic network analysis positioned AKT1 at the intersection of multiple dysregulated pathways, suggesting its key role in advanced-stage lipedema. CONCLUSIONS: the consistent enhancing of AKT pathway signaling across omic layers highlights its potential not only as a biomarker for disease stratification but also as a putative druggable target for therapeutic intervention. These findings offer new mechanistic insights into lipedema pathophysiology and provide a rationale for future personalized treatment strategies guided by AKT1-centric molecular profiling.